1. Sebelisa sehlopha

Ho ya ka dibopeho tse fapaneng tsa tshebediso ya dipolasetiki tse fapaneng, dipolasetiki hangata di arolwa ka mefuta e meraro: dipolasetiki tse akaretsang, dipolasetiki tsa boenjiniere le dipolasetiki tse ikgethang.

①Polasetiki e akaretsang

Ka kakaretso e bolela polasetiki e nang le tlhahiso e kholo, ts'ebeliso e pharaletseng, sebopeho se setle le theko e tlase. Ho na le mefuta e mehlano ea polasetiki e akaretsang, e leng polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) le acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). Mefuta ena e mehlano ea polasetiki e ikarabella bakeng sa boholo ba thepa e tala ea polasetiki, 'me tse ling kaofela li ka aroloa ka mefuta e khethehileng ea polasetiki, joalo ka: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, jj., ha li sebelisoe haholo lihlahisoa tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, haholo-holo ha li sebelisoe masimong a maemo a holimo joalo ka indasteri ea boenjiniere le theknoloji ea ts'ireletso ea naha, joalo ka likoloi, lifofane, kaho le puisano. Ho ea ka sehlopha sa eona sa polasetiki, polasetiki e ka aroloa ka thermoplastics le thermosetting. Maemong a tloaelehileng, lihlahisoa tsa thermoplastic li ka sebelisoa hape, ha polasetiki ea thermosetting e sa khone. Ho ya ka thepa ya mahlasedi ya dipolasetiki, di ka arolwa ka thepa e tala e bonaletsang, e bonaletsang le e sa bonaletsang, jwalo ka PS, PMMA, AS, PC, jj. e leng dipolasetiki tse bonaletsang, mme boholo ba dipolasetiki tse ding ke dipolasetiki tse sa bonaletsang.

Litšobotsi le tšebeliso ea polasetiki e sebelisoang hangata:

1. Polyethylene:

Polyethylene e sebelisoang hangata e ka aroloa ka polyethylene e nang le tekanyo e tlase (LDPE), polyethylene e nang le tekanyo e phahameng (HDPE) le polyethylene e nang le tekanyo e tlase e otlolohileng (LLDPE). Har'a tse tharo, HDPE e na le thepa e betere ea mocheso, motlakase le ea mechini, ha LDPE le LLDPE li na le ho tenyetseha ho betere, thepa ea tšusumetso, thepa ea ho etsa filimi, jj. LDPE le LLDPE li sebelisoa haholo lifiliming tsa ho paka, lifiliming tsa temo, phetoho ea polasetiki, jj., ha HDPE e na le mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso, joalo ka lifilimi, liphaephe le litlhoko tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa ente.

2. Polypropylene:

Ha re bua ka mokhoa o batlang o tšoana, polypropylene e na le mefuta e mengata, ts'ebeliso e rarahaneng haholoanyane, le masimo a mangata a fapaneng. Mefuta ena e kenyelletsa haholo-holo homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) le random copolymer polypropylene (rapp). Ho latela ts'ebeliso, Homopolymerization e sebelisoa haholo-holo masimong a ho taka terata, faeba, ente, filimi ea BOPP, jj. Polypropylene ea Copolymer e sebelisoa haholo-holo lisebelisoa tsa lapeng likarolo tsa ente, thepa e tala e fetotsoeng, lihlahisoa tsa ente ea letsatsi le letsatsi, liphaephe, jj., 'me random polypropylene e sebelisoa haholo-holo Lihlahisoa tse bonaletsang, lihlahisoa tse sebetsang hantle, liphaephe tse sebetsang hantle, jj.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Ka lebaka la theko e tlase le thepa ea eona e thibelang mollo, e na le mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebeliso lefapheng la kaho, haholo-holo bakeng sa liphaephe tsa likhoerekhoere, mamati le lifensetere tsa tšepe ea polasetiki, lipoleiti, letlalo la maiketsetso, jj.

4. Polystyrene:

Jwalo ka mofuta wa thepa e tala e bonaletsang, ha ho hlokahala ponaletso, e na le mefuta e mengata ya tshebediso, jwalo ka mabone a koloi, dikarolo tse bonaletsang tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, dikopi tse bonaletsang, makotikoti, jj.

5. ABS:

Ke polasetiki ea boenjiniere e feto-fetohang e nang le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa 'mele tsa mechini le tsa mocheso. E sebelisoa haholo lisebelisoa tsa lapeng, liphanele, limaske, likopano, lisebelisoa, jj., haholo-holo lisebelisoa tsa lapeng, tse kang mechini ea ho hlatsoa, ​​​​li-air conditioner, lihatsetsi, lifene tsa motlakase, jj. E kholo haholo 'me e na le mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebeliso ho fetoleng polasetiki.

②Lipolasitiki tsa boenjiniere

Ka kakaretso e bolela polasetiki e ka mamellang matla a itseng a kantle, e nang le thepa e ntle ea mechini, e hanyetsang mocheso o phahameng le o tlase, 'me e na le botsitso bo botle ba litekanyo, 'me e ka sebelisoa e le meaho ea boenjiniere, joalo ka polyamide le polysulfone. Lipolasitikeng tsa boenjiniere, e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e 'meli: polasetiki ea boenjiniere e akaretsang le polasetiki e khethehileng ea boenjiniere. Lipolasitiki tsa boenjiniere li ka fihlela litlhoko tse phahameng mabapi le thepa ea mechini, ho tšoarella, ho hanyetsa mafome, le ho hanyetsa mocheso, 'me li bonolo ho li sebetsana 'me li ka nkela thepa ea tšepe sebaka. Lipolasitiki tsa boenjiniere li sebelisoa haholo indastering ea motlakase le ea elektroniki, ea likoloi, ea kaho, ea liofisi, ea mechini, ea lifofane le ea tse ling. Ho nkela polasetiki sebaka bakeng sa tšepe le polasetiki bakeng sa lehong e se e le mokhoa oa machaba.

Liplastiki tsa boenjiniere tse akaretsang li kenyelletsa: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether e fetotsoeng, polyester ea thermoplastic, polyethylene e boima ba limolek'hule bo phahameng haholo, methylpentene polymer, copolymer ea joala ea vinyl, jj.

Lipolasitiki tse khethehileng tsa boenjiniere li arotsoe ka mefuta e hokahaneng ka ho fapana le e sa hokahaneng ka ho fapana. Mefuta e hokahaneng ka ho fapana ke: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide e hokahaneng ka ho fapana, resin ea epoxy e hanelang mocheso le tse ling. Mefuta e sa hokahaneng ka ho lekana ke: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) le tse ling.

③Liplastiki tse khethehileng

Ka kakaretso e bolela polasetiki e nang le mesebetsi e ikhethang 'me e ka sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse khethehileng tse kang lifofane le lifofane. Mohlala, fluoroplastics le silicones li na le khanyetso e ikhethang ea mocheso o phahameng, ho itlotsa le mesebetsi e meng e khethehileng, 'me polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng le polasetiki e nang le foam li na le thepa e khethehileng joalo ka matla a phahameng le ho boloka mesamo e phahameng. Liplastiki tsena ke tsa sehlopha sa polasetiki e khethehileng.

a. Plastiki e matlafalitsoeng:

Lisebelisoa tse tala tsa polasetiki tse matlafalitsoeng li ka aroloa ka likaroloana (joalo ka polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng ea calcium), faeba (joalo ka faeba ea khalase kapa polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng ea lesela la khalase), le flake (joalo ka polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng ea mica) ka ponahalo. Ho ea ka thepa, e ka aroloa ka polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng e thehiloeng leselang (joalo ka polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng ea rag kapa asbestos), polasetiki e tletseng liminerale tse sa pheleng (joalo ka polasetiki e tletseng quartz kapa mica), le polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng ea faeba (joalo ka polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng ea carbon fiber).

b. Foromo:

Lipolasitiki tsa foam li ka aroloa ka mefuta e meraro: foam e thata, e thata hanyane le e tenyetsehang. Foam e thata ha e na ho tenyetseha, 'me ho thatafala ha eona ho hatella ho hoholo haholo. E tla senyeha feela ha e fihla boleng bo itseng ba khatello 'me e ke ke ea khutlela boemong ba eona ba pele ka mor'a hore khatello e fokotsehe. Foam e tenyetsehang e tenyetseha, e na le ho thatafala ho tlase ha khatello, 'me e bonolo ho e fetola. Ha u khutlisetsa boemo ba pele, ho fetoha ho setseng ho honyenyane; ho tenyetseha le litšobotsi tse ling tsa foam e thata hanyane li pakeng tsa foam e thata le e bonolo.

Tse peli, sehlopha sa 'mele le sa lik'hemik'hale

Ho ya ka dibopeho tse fapaneng tsa mmele le tsa dikhemikhale tsa dipolasetiki tse fapaneng, dipolasetiki di ka arolwa ka mefuta e mmedi: dipolasetiki tse sebedisang thermosetting le dipolasetiki tse sebedisang thermoplastic.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): e bolela polasetiki e tla qhibiliha ka mora ho futhumala, e ka phalla ka hara hlobo ka mora ho pholile, ebe e qhibiliha ka mora ho futhumala; ho futhumatsa le ho phodisa ho ka sebediswa ho hlahisa diphetoho tse ka fetolwang (mokelikeli ←→o tiileng), e. Seo ho thweng ke phetoho ya mmele. Thermoplastics ya merero e akaretsang e na le mocheso o tswelang pele wa tshebediso ka tlase ho 100°C. Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, le polystyrene le tsona di bitswa dipolasetiki tse nne tsa merero e akaretsang. Polasetiki ya Thermoplastic e arotsoe ka dihydrocarbon, divinyls tse nang le dijini tsa polar, boenjiniere, cellulose le mefuta e meng. E ba bonolo ha e futhumatswa, mme e ba thata ha e phodisitswe. E ka nolofatswa kgafetsa mme ya tiiswa mme ya boloka sebopeho se itseng. E qhibiliha ka hara disolvents tse itseng mme e na le thepa ya ho qhibilihisa le ho qhibiliha. Thermoplastics e na le insulation e ntle ya motlakase, haholo-holo polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) e na le tahlehelo e tlase haholo ya dielectric constant le dielectric. Bakeng sa thepa ya insulation ya maqhubu a phahameng le voltage e phahameng. Li-thermoplastic li bonolo ho li bopa le ho li sebetsana, empa li na le khanyetso e tlase ea mocheso 'me li bonolo ho li hasana. Tekanyo ea kherehloa e fapana ho latela mojaro, mocheso oa tikoloho, solvent le mongobo. E le ho hlola mefokolo ena ea li-thermoplastic le ho fihlela litlhoko tsa lits'ebetso masimong a theknoloji ea sebaka le nts'etsopele e ncha ea matla, linaha tsohle li ntse li hlahisa li-resin tse hanelang mocheso tse ka qhibilihisoang, joalo ka polyether ether ketone (PEEK) le polyether sulfone (PES). , Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), jj. Lisebelisoa tse kopantsoeng tse li sebelisang e le li-resin tsa matrix li na le thepa e phahameng ea mechini le khanyetso ea lik'hemik'hale, li ka fetoloa ka thermoform le ho kopanngoa, 'me li na le matla a betere a interlaminar shear ho feta li-resin tsa epoxy. Mohlala, ho sebelisa polyether ether ketone e le resin ea matrix le fiber ea carbon ho etsa thepa e kopaneng, khanyetso ea mokhathala e feta ea epoxy/carbon fiber. E na le khanyetso e ntle ea tšusumetso, khanyetso e ntle ea kherehloa mochesong oa kamore, le ts'ebetso e ntle. E ka sebelisoa khafetsa ho 240-270°C. Ke thepa e loketseng ea ho thibela mocheso o phahameng. Thepa e kopaneng e entsoeng ka polyethersulfone e le resin ea matrix le faeba ea carbon e na le matla le ho thatafala ho 200°C, 'me e ka boloka khanyetso e ntle ea tšusumetso ho -100°C; ha e na chefo, ha e chese, ha e na mosi o mongata, 'me e hanyetsa mahlaseli a kotsi. Ho lebeletsoe hore e sebelisoe e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea sefofa-sepakapaka, 'me e ka boela ea bōptjoa hore e be radome, jj.

Lipolasitiki tse hokahaneng ka formaldehyde li kenyelletsa polasetiki ea phenolic, polasetiki ea amino (joalo ka urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, jj.). Lipolasitiki tse ling tse hokahaneng ka tsela e fapaneng li kenyelletsa li-polyester tse sa koaheloang, li-resin tsa epoxy, le li-resin tsa diallyl tsa phthalic.

(2) Polasetiki e setang mocheso

Liplastiki tsa thermosetting li bua ka liplastiki tse ka phekoloang tlas'a mocheso kapa maemo a mang kapa tse nang le litšobotsi tse sa qhibiliheng (tse qhibilihang), joalo ka liplastiki tsa phenolic, liplastiki tsa epoxy, jj. Liplastiki tsa thermosetting li arotsoe ka mofuta oa formaldehyde o kopantsoeng le mefuta e meng e kopantsoeng. Kamora ts'ebetso ea mocheso le ho bopa, sehlahisoa se phekotsoeng se sa qhibiliheng le se sa qhibiliheng sea thehoa, 'me limolek'hule tsa resin li hokahantsoe ka mokhoa oa marang-rang ka sebopeho se otlolohileng. Mocheso o eketsehileng o tla bola le ho senya. Liplastiki tse tloaelehileng tsa thermosetting li kenyelletsa phenolic, epoxy, amino, polyester e sa qhibiliheng, furan, polysiloxane le lisebelisoa tse ling, hammoho le liplastiki tse ncha tsa polydipropylene phthalate. Li na le melemo ea ho hanyetsa mocheso o phahameng le ho hanyetsa ho fetoha ha o futhumatsoa. ​​Bothata ke hore matla a mechini hangata ha a holimo, empa matla a mechini a ka ntlafatsoa ka ho eketsa li-filler ho etsa lisebelisoa tse laminated kapa lisebelisoa tse bōpiloeng.

Liplastiki tse sebelisang thermosetting tse entsoeng ka resin ea phenolic e le thepa e tala ea mantlha, joalo ka polasetiki e bōpiloeng ka phenolic (e tsejoang haholo e le Bakelite), li tšoarella, li tsitsitse ka boholo, 'me li hanela lik'hemik'hale tse ling ntle le li-alkali tse matla. Li-filler le li-additi tse fapaneng li ka eketsoa ho latela ts'ebeliso le litlhoko tse fapaneng. Bakeng sa mefuta e hlokang ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ho futhumatsa, mica kapa fiber ea khalase e ka sebelisoa e le filler; bakeng sa mefuta e hlokang ho hanyetsa mocheso, asbestos kapa li-filler tse ling tse hanang mocheso li ka sebelisoa; bakeng sa mefuta e hlokang ho hanyetsa tšisinyeho ea lefatše, likhoele tse fapaneng tse loketseng kapa rabara li ka sebelisoa e le li-filler 'Me li-agent tse ling tsa ho tiisa ho etsa thepa e thata haholo. Ho phaella moo, li-resin tsa phenolic tse fetotsoeng tse kang aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, le polyvinyl acetal le tsona li ka sebelisoa ho fihlela litlhoko tsa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng. Li-resin tsa phenolic li ka boela tsa sebelisoa ho etsa li-laminate tsa phenolic, tse khetholloang ka matla a phahameng a mechini, thepa e ntle ea motlakase, ho hanyetsa ho bola, le ts'ebetso e bonolo. Li sebelisoa haholo lisebelisoa tsa motlakase tse nang le motlakase o tlase.

Li-aminoplast li kenyelletsa urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde jj. Li na le melemo ea sebopeho se thata, ho hanyetsa ho ngoapa, ho se be le 'mala, ho bonaletsa, jj. Ho eketsa lisebelisoa tsa 'mala ho ka etsoa lihlahisoa tse mebala-bala, tse tsejoang ka hore ke motlakase oa jade. Hobane ha e na oli 'me ha e angoe ke li-alkali tse fokolang le li-solvents tsa organic (empa ha e na asiti), e ka sebelisoa mochesong oa 70°C nako e telele, 'me e ka mamella 110 ho isa ho 120°C ka nako e khuts'oane, 'me e ka sebelisoa lihlahisoa tsa motlakase. Plastiki ea Melamine-formaldehyde e na le bothata bo phahameng ho feta polasetiki ea urea-formaldehyde, 'me e na le ho hanyetsa metsi ho betere, ho hanyetsa mocheso, le ho hanyetsa arc. E ka sebelisoa e le thepa e thibelang arc.

Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea polasetiki ea thermosetting e entsoeng ka resin ea epoxy e le thepa e tala ea mantlha, eo har'a eona hoo e ka bang 90% e thehiloeng ho resin ea epoxy ea bisphenol A. E na le ho khomarela ho hoholo, ho thibela motlakase, ho hanyetsa mocheso le botsitso ba lik'hemik'hale, ho fokotseha ha ho fokotseha le ho monya metsi, le matla a matle a mechini.

Polyester e sa tlalang le resin ea epoxy ka bobeli li ka etsoa ka FRP, e nang le matla a maholo a mechini. Mohlala, polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng ke faeba ea khalase e entsoeng ka polyester e sa tlalang e na le thepa e ntle ea mechini le boima bo tlase (1/5 ho isa ho 1/4 feela ea tšepe, 1/2 ea aluminium), 'me e bonolo ho e sebetsana le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa motlakase. Thepa ea motlakase le ea mechini ea polasetiki e entsoeng ka resin ea dipropylene phthalate e betere ho feta ea polasetiki ea phenolic le amino thermosetting. E na le hygroscopicity e tlase, boholo ba sehlahisoa bo tsitsitseng, ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho bopa, khanyetso ea asiti le alkali, metsi a belang le li-solvent tse ling tsa organic. Motsoako oa ho bopa o loketse likarolo tsa tlhahiso tse nang le sebopeho se rarahaneng, khanyetso ea mocheso le ho thibela mocheso ho phahameng. Ka kakaretso, e ka sebelisoa nako e telele mochesong oa -60 ~ 180℃, 'me boemo ba khanyetso ea mocheso bo ka fihla ho F ho ea ho H, e leng se phahameng ho feta khanyetso ea mocheso ea polasetiki ea phenolic le amino.

Liplastiki tsa silicone ka sebopeho sa polysiloxane li sebelisoa haholo theknolojing ea elektroniki le ea motlakase. Liplastiki tse nang le silicone laminated li matlafatsoa haholo ka lesela la khalase; liplastiki tse entsoeng ka silicone li tlatsoa haholo ka fiber ea khalase le asbestos, tse sebelisetsoang ho etsa likarolo tse hanelang mocheso o phahameng, li-motor tse nang le maqhubu a phahameng kapa tse ka qoelisoang ka metsing, lisebelisoa tsa motlakase le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki. Mofuta ona oa polasetiki o khetholloa ka boleng ba oona bo tlase ba dielectric le tgδ, 'me ha o angoe haholo ke maqhubu. E sebelisoa liindastering tsa motlakase le tsa elektroniki ho hanela corona le li-arcs. Esita le haeba ho ntšoa ha eona ho baka ho bola, sehlahisoa ke silicon dioxide ho fapana le carbon black e tsamaisang motlakase. Mofuta ona oa thepa o na le khanyetso e ikhethang ea mocheso 'me o ka sebelisoa khafetsa ho 250°C. Mathata a maholo a polysilicone ke matla a tlase a mechini, ho khomarela ho tlase le khanyetso e fokolang ea oli. Li-polymer tse ngata tsa silicone tse fetotsoeng li se li ntlafalitsoe, joalo ka liplastiki tsa silicone tse fetotsoeng polyester 'me li sebelisitsoe theknolojing ea motlakase. Liplastiki tse ling ke liplastiki tsa thermoplastic le thermosetting. Mohlala, polyvinyl chloride hangata ke thermoplastic. Japane e hlahisitse mofuta o mocha oa polyvinyl chloride e metsi e leng thermoset 'me e na le mocheso oa ho bōptjoa oa 60 ho isa ho 140°C. Polasetiki e bitsoang Lundex United States e na le Likarolo tsa ts'ebetso ea thermoplastic, le thepa ea 'mele ea polasetiki ea thermosetting.

① Lipolasitiki tsa Hydrocarbon.

Ke polasetiki e seng ya polar, e arotsoeng ka kristale le e seng ya kristale. Diplastiki tsa hydrocarbon tse kang kristale di kenyeletsa polyethylene, polypropylene, jj., mme dipolasetiki tsa hydrocarbon tse seng ya kristale di kenyeletsa polystyrene, jj.

②Liplastiki tsa vinyl tse nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa polar.

Ntle le di-fluoroplastics, boholo ba tsona ke dibopeho tse bonaletsang tse sa bonahaleng, ho kenyeletswa polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, jj. Bongata ba di-monomer tsa vinyl di ka polymerised ka di-catalyst tse matla.

③Liplastiki tsa boenjiniere ba thermoplastic.

Haholo-holo e kenyelletsa polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, jj. Polytetrafluoroethylene. Polypropylene e fetotsoeng, jj. le yona e kenyelelitsoe mofuteng ona.

④ Liplastiki tsa cellulose tsa thermoplastic.

E kenyelletsa haholo-holo cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane jj.

Re ka sebelisa thepa eohle ea polasetiki e kaholimo.
Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, PP ea boemo ba lijo le PP ea boemo ba bongaka li sebelisoa bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse tšoanang lelikhaba. Pipettee entsoe ka thepa ea HDPE, 'mephaephe ea tekohangata e entsoe ka thepa ea PP kapa PS ea boemo ba bongaka. Re ntse re e-na le lihlahisoa tse ngata, tse sebelisang thepa e fapaneng, hobane rehlobomoetsi, hoo e ka bang lihlahisoa tsohle tsa polasetiki li ka hlahisoa