1. Sebelisa lihlopha

Ho latela litšoaneleho tse fapaneng tsa tšebeliso ea lipolasetiki tse fapaneng, lipolasetiki hangata li arotsoe ka mefuta e meraro: polasetiki e akaretsang, polasetiki ea boenjiniere le polasetiki e khethehileng.

①Polasetiki e akaretsang

Ka kakaretso e bua ka lipolasetiki tse nang le tlhahiso e kholo, ts'ebeliso e pharaletseng, sebopeho se setle le theko e tlase.Ho na le mefuta e mehlano ea lipolasetiki tse akaretsang, e leng polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) le acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS).Mefuta ena e mehlano ea lipolasetiki e ikarabella bakeng sa boholo ba lisebelisoa tse tala tsa polasetiki, 'me tse ling kaofela li ka aroloa ka mefuta e khethehileng ea polasetiki, joalo ka: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, joalo-joalo, e sebelisoa lihlahisoa tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi. e nyane haholo, haholo-holo E sebelisoa mafapheng a maemo a holimo joalo ka indasteri ea boenjiniere le theknoloji ea ts'ireletso ea naha, joalo ka likoloi, sebaka sa sefofane, kaho, le likhokahano.Ho latela sebopeho sa eona sa polasetiki, lipolasetiki li ka aroloa ka lipolasetiki tsa thermoplastic le li-thermosetting.Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, lihlahisoa tsa thermoplastic li ka sebelisoa hape, athe polasetiki ea thermosetting ha e khone.Ho ea ka thepa ea optical ea li-plastiki, li ka aroloa ka lisebelisoa tse tala tse bonaletsang, tse translucent le tse opaque, tse kang PS, PMMA, AS, PC, joalo-joalo e leng li-plastiki tse pepeneneng , 'Me boholo ba li-plastiki tse ling ke li-plastic opaque.

Thepa le tšebeliso ea li-plastiki tse sebelisoang hangata:

1. Polyethylene:

Polyethylene e sebelisoang ka tloaelo e ka aroloa ka polyethylene e tlaase (LDPE), polyethylene e phahameng (HDPE) le polyethylene e tlaase e tlaase (LLDPE).Har'a tse tharo, HDPE e na le thepa e ntle ea mocheso, motlakase le mechine, ha LDPE le LLDPE li na le mekhoa e metle ea ho feto-fetoha ha maemo, thepa ea tšusumetso, thepa ea ho etsa lifilimi, joalo-joalo LDPE le LLDPE li sebelisoa haholo-holo lifiliming tsa ho paka, lifilimi tsa temo, phetoho ea polasetiki, joalo-joalo. , ha HDPE e na le mefuta e mengata ea lisebelisoa, tse kang lifilimi, lipeipi, le litlhoko tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa ente.

2. Polypropylene:

Ha ho bapisoa, polypropylene e na le mefuta e mengata, ts'ebeliso e rarahaneng le mefuta e mengata ea masimo.Mefuta e mengata haholo e kenyelletsa homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) le random copolymer polypropylene (rapp).Ho ea ka kopo Homopolymerization e sebelisoa haholo-holo masimong a ho taka terata, faeba, ente, filimi ea BOPP, joalo-joalo Copolymer polypropylene e sebelisoa haholo ka likarolo tsa ente ea lisebelisoa tsa ntlo, lisebelisoa tse tala tse fetotsoeng, lihlahisoa tsa ente tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, liphaephe, joalo-joalo. polypropylene e sebelisoa haholo ho Lihlahisoa tse pepeneneng, lihlahisoa tse sebetsang hantle, liphaephe tse sebetsang hantle, joalo-joalo.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Ka lebaka la thepa ea eona e theko e tlaase le e itimang mollo, e na le mefuta e mengata ea tšebeliso tšimong ea kaho, haholo-holo bakeng sa liphaephe tsa likhoerekhoere, mamati a tšepe ea polasetiki le lifensetere, lipoleiti, letlalo la maiketsetso, joalo-joalo.

4. Polystyrene:

Joalo ka mofuta oa thepa e tala e pepeneneng, ha ho hlokahala pepeneneng, e na le mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebeliso, joalo ka mabone a koloi, likarolo tse pepeneneng tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, linoelo tse pepeneneng, makotikoti, jj.

5. ABS:

Ke polasetiki ea boenjiniere e feto-fetohang e nang le thepa e ikhethang ea 'mele le ea mocheso.E sebelisoa haholo ka lisebelisoa tsa ntlo, liphanele, limaske, likopano, lisebelisoa, joalo-joalo, haholo-holo lisebelisoa tsa ntlo, tse kang mechine ea ho hlatsoa, ​​​​li-air conditioner, lihatsetsi, li-fan tsa motlakase, joalo-joalo. phetoho ea polasetiki.

②Polasetiki ea boenjiniere

Ka kakaretso e bua ka lipolasetiki tse khonang ho mamella matla a itseng a ka ntle, li na le thepa e ntle ea mechine, li hanyetsa mocheso o phahameng le o tlaase, 'me li na le botsitso bo botle ba sebopeho,' me li ka sebelisoa e le mehaho ea boenjiniere, e kang polyamide le polysulfone.Ka polasetiki ea boenjiniere, e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e 'meli: lipolasetiki tsa boenjiniere tse akaretsang le lipolasetiki tse khethehileng tsa boenjiniere.Lipolasetiki tsa boenjiniere li ka fihlela litlhoko tse phahameng ho latela thepa ea mochini, ho tšoarella nako e telele, ho hanyetsa kutu, le ho hanyetsa mocheso, 'me li bonolo ho sebetsa ebile li ka nka sebaka sa lisebelisoa tsa tšepe.Lipolasetiki tsa boenjiniere li sebelisoa haholo indastering ea motlakase le ea elektroniki, likoloi, kaho, lisebelisoa tsa ofisi, mechini, sefofane le liindasteri tse ling.Ho kenya polasetiki bakeng sa tšepe le polasetiki bakeng sa lehong ho fetohile mokhoa oa machaba.

Lipolasetiki tsa boenjiniere tse akaretsang li kenyelletsa: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, thermoplastic polyester, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, methylpentene polymer, vinyl alcohol copolymer, joalo-joalo.

Li-plastiki tse khethehileng tsa boenjiniere li arotsoe ka mefuta e fapaneng le e sa amaneng.Mefuta e amanang le sefapano ke: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, cross-linked polyimide, epoxy resin e thibelang mocheso joalo-joalo.Mefuta e sa amaneng ke: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) joalo-joalo.

③Polasetiki e khethehileng

Ka kakaretso e bua ka lipolasetiki tse nang le mesebetsi e khethehileng 'me li ka sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse khethehileng tse kang ho fofa le sefofane.Mohlala, li-fluoroplastics le silicones li na le ts'ebetso e ikhethang ea mocheso o phahameng, ho itlotsa le mesebetsi e meng e ikhethang, 'me lipolasetiki tse matlafalitsoeng le polasetiki tse foamed li na le thepa e ikhethang joalo ka matla a phahameng le cushioning e phahameng.Lipolasetiki tsena ke tsa sehlopha sa lipolasetiki tse khethehileng.

a.Plastiki e matlafalitsoeng:

Lisebelisoa tse tala tsa polasetiki tse matlafalitsoeng li ka aroloa ka granular (joalo ka polasetiki ea k'halsiamo e matlafalitsoeng), fiber (e kang fiber ea khalase kapa lesela la khalase e matlafalitsoeng), le flake (joaloka polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng ea mica) ka ponahalo.Ho ea ka thepa, e ka aroloa ka lipolasetiki tse matlafalitsoeng tse thehiloeng masela (tse kang rag reinforced kapa asbestos reinforced plastics), inorganic mineral fill plastics (joalo ka quartz kapa mica e tletseng polasetiki), le polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng ka fiber (joalo ka carbon fiber e matlafalitsoeng. dipolasetiki).

b.Foam:

Li-plastiki tsa foam li ka aroloa ka mefuta e meraro: li-foam tse thata, tse thata-thata le tse tenyetsehang.Foam e thata ha e fetohe, 'me boima ba eona ba ho hatella bo boholo haholo.E tla holofala feela ha e fihla boemong bo itseng ba khatello ea maikutlo 'me e sitoa ho khutlela boemong ba eona ba pele ka mor'a hore khatello ea kelello e imolohe.Foam e tenyetsehang ea tenyetseha, e na le boima bo tlase ba khatello, 'me e bonolo ho holofala.Khutlisa boemo ba pele, deformation e setseng e nyane;ho tenyetseha le lintho tse ling tsa foam e thata-thata li pakeng tsa li-foam tse thata le tse bonolo.

Ea bobeli, sehlopha sa 'mele le lik'hemik'hale

Ho ea ka litšobotsi tse fapaneng tsa 'mele le lik'hemik'hale tsa lipolasetiki tse fapaneng, lipolasetiki li ka aroloa ka mefuta e' meli: polasetiki ea thermosetting le polasetiki ea thermoplastic.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): e bua ka polasetiki e tla qhibiliha ka mor'a ho futhumatsa, e ka phalla ka har'a hlobo ka mor'a ho pholile, ebe e qhibiliha ka mor'a ho futhumatsa;ho futhumatsa le ho pholisa ho ka sebelisoa ho hlahisa liphetoho tse fetohang (mokelikeli ←→ o tiileng), ee Ho thoeng ke phetoho ea 'mele.Thermoplastics ea morero o akaretsang e na le mocheso o tsoelang pele oa ts'ebeliso e ka tlase ho 100°C.Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, le polystyrene li boetse li bitsoa lipolasetiki tse 'nè tsa morero o akaretsang.Li-plastiki tsa thermoplastic li arotsoe ka li-hydrocarbon, li-vinyl tse nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa polar, boenjiniere, selulose le mefuta e meng.E ba bonolo ha e futhumala, 'me e ba thata ha e pholisitsoe.E ka nolofatsoa khafetsa le ho thatafala le ho boloka sebopeho se itseng.E qhibiliha ka har'a metsoako e itseng 'me e na le thepa ea ho qhibiliha le ho qhibiliha.Thermoplastics e na le insulation e ntle ea motlakase, haholo polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) e na le tahlehelo e tlase haholo ea dielectric le tahlehelo ea dielectric.Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa maqhubu le li-voltage tse phahameng.Thermoplastics e bonolo ho bōptjoa le ho sebetsa, empa e na le khanyetso e fokolang ea mocheso 'me e bonolo ho kena.Sekhahla sa creep se fapana ho ea ka mojaro, mocheso oa tikoloho, solvent le mongobo.E le ho hlōla mefokolo ena ea thermoplastics le ho finyella litlhoko tsa lits'ebetso lefapheng la thekenoloji ea sebaka le nts'etsopele ea matla a macha, linaha tsohle li hlahisa li-resin tse thibelang mocheso tse ka qhibilihang, tse kang polyether ether ketone (PEEK) le polyether sulfone ( PES)., Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), joalo-joalo Lisebelisoa tse kopantsoeng tse li sebelisang e le li-resin tsa matrix li na le thepa e phahameng ea mochine le lik'hemik'hale tse hanyetsanang le lik'hemik'hale, li ka ba thermoformed le welded, 'me li na le matla a molemo a ho kuta a interlaminar ho feta li-resin epoxy.Ka mohlala, ho sebelisa polyether ether ketone e le resin ea matrix le carbon fiber ho etsa thepa e kopantsoeng, ho hanyetsa mokhathala ho feta epoxy / carbon fiber.E na le khanyetso e ntle ea ts'ebetso, khanyetso e ntle ea ho thella mocheso oa kamore, le ts'ebetso e ntle ea ts'ebetso.E ka sebelisoa kamehla ho 240-270 ° C.Ke sesebelisoa se loketseng sa mocheso o phahameng oa mocheso.Thepa e kopantsoeng e entsoeng ka polyethersulfone e le resin ea matrix le carbon fiber e na le matla a phahameng le ho thatafala ho 200 ° C, 'me e ka boloka ho hanyetsa tšusumetso e ntle ho -100 ° C;ha e chefo, ha e chese, ha e chefo, ha e chefo, ebile ha e khone ho chesoa ke mahlaseli.Che, e lebelletsoe ho sebelisoa e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea sefofa-sebakeng, hape e ka bōptjoa hore e be radome, joalo-joalo.

Formaldehyde cross-linked plastics e kenyeletsa phenolic plastics, amino plastics (joaloka urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, joalo-joalo).Lipolasetiki tse ling tse hokahaneng li kenyelletsa li-polyester tse sa tsitsang, li-epoxy resin, le li-phthalic diallyl resin.

(2) polasetiki ea thermosetting

Li-plastiki tsa thermosetting li bua ka li-plastiki tse ka phekolehang tlas'a mocheso kapa maemo a mang kapa li na le litšobotsi tse sa tsitsang (ho qhibiliha), tse kang li-phenolic, li-epoxy polasetiki, joalo-joalo.Ka mor'a ho sebetsa le ho bōptjoa ha mocheso, sehlahisoa se phekotsoeng se sa tsitsang le se ke keng sa qhibiliha se thehoa, 'me limolek'hule tsa resin li hokahanngoa ka har'a mohaho oa marang-rang ka sebopeho sa linear.Mocheso o eketsehileng o tla bola le ho senya.Li-plastiki tse tloaelehileng tsa thermosetting li kenyelletsa phenolic, epoxy, amino, polyester e sa tsitsang, furan, polysiloxane le lisebelisoa tse ling, hammoho le polasetiki e ncha ea polydipropylene phthalate.Li na le melemo ea ho hanyetsa mocheso o phahameng le ho hanyetsa deformation ha li futhumala.Bothata ke hore matla a mochine ka kakaretso ha a phahame, empa matla a mochine a ka ntlafatsoa ka ho eketsa li-filler ho etsa lisebelisoa tsa laminated kapa thepa e bōpiloeng.

Lipolasetiki tsa thermosetting tse entsoeng ka resin ea phenolic e le tsona tse ka sehloohong tse tala, joalo ka polasetiki e entsoeng ka phenolic (eo hangata e tsejoang e le Bakelite), e tšoarella, e tsitsitse ka mokhoa o fapaneng, 'me e hanyetsana le lintho tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale ntle le alkalis e matla.Li-filler le li-additives tse fapaneng li ka eketsoa ho latela ts'ebeliso le litlhoko tse fapaneng.Bakeng sa mefuta e hlokang ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ho kenya letsoho, mica kapa fiber fiber e ka sebelisoa e le ho tlatsa;bakeng sa mefuta e sa tšoaneng e hlokang ho hanyetsa mocheso, asbestos kapa li-fillers tse ling tse thibelang mocheso li ka sebelisoa;bakeng sa mefuta e sa tšoaneng e hlokang ho hanyetsa ha seismic, likhoele tse fapa-fapaneng tse loketseng kapa rabara li ka sebelisoa e le li-filler Le li-agent tse ling tse thata ho etsa lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa toughness.Ho phaella moo, li-resin tsa phenolic tse fetotsoeng tse kang aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, le polyvinyl acetal le tsona li ka sebelisoa ho finyella litlhoko tsa likopo tse fapaneng.Li-phenolic resin li ka boela tsa sebelisoa ho etsa phenolic laminates, tse khetholloang ka matla a phahameng a mochine, thepa e ntle ea motlakase, ho hanyetsa kutu, le ho sebetsa habonolo.Li sebelisoa haholo lisebelisoa tsa motlakase tse nang le matla a tlase.

Li-aminoplasts li kenyelletsa urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde joalo-joalo.Li na le melemo ea ho rarahana ka thata, khanyetso ea scratch, e se nang mebala, e feto-fetohang, joalo-joalo Ho eketsa lisebelisoa tsa mebala ho ka etsoa lihlahisoa tse mebala-bala, tse tsejoang ka hore ke jade ea motlakase.Hobane e hanyetsana le oli 'me ha e amehe ke li-alkali tse fokolang le li-solvents (empa ha e na acid), e ka sebelisoa ho 70 ° C ka nako e telele, 'me e khona ho mamella 110 ho 120 ° C ka nako e khutšoanyane,' me e ka khona ho mamella mocheso oa 110 ho isa ho 120 ° C. ho sebelisoa lihlahisoa tsa motlakase.Plastiki ea Melamine-formaldehyde e na le boima bo phahameng ho feta polasetiki ea urea-formaldehyde, 'me e na le khanyetso e ntle ea metsi, e hanyetsa mocheso, le arc resistance.E ka sebelisoa e le lisebelisoa tse thibelang li-arc-resistant.

Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea lipolasetiki tsa thermosetting tse entsoeng ka resin ea epoxy e le thepa e ka sehloohong e tala, eo ho eona hoo e ka bang 90% e thehiloeng ho bisphenol A epoxy resin.E na le ho khomarela hantle, ho kenya motlakase, ho hanyetsa mocheso le botsitso ba lik'hemik'hale, ho fokotseha ho fokolang le ho monya metsi, le matla a matle a mochine.

Ka bobeli polyester ea unsaturated le epoxy resin e ka etsoa FRP, e nang le matla a maholo a mochini.Mohlala, polasetiki e matlafalitsoeng ka khalase e entsoeng ka polyester e sa tsitsang e na le thepa e ntle ea mochini le letsoalo le tlase (1/5 feela ho 1/4 ea tšepe, 1/2 ea aluminium), 'me ho bonolo ho e etsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa motlakase.Lintho tsa motlakase le tsa mochini tsa polasetiki tse entsoeng ka dipropylene phthalate resin li betere ho feta tsa polasetiki ea phenolic le amino thermosetting.E na le hygroscopicity e tlase, boholo bo tsitsitseng ba sehlahisoa, ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho bopa, ho hanyetsa acid le alkali, metsi a belang le li-solvents tse ling.Motsoako oa ho bōpa o loketse likarolo tsa ho etsa lihlahisoa tse nang le mohaho o rarahaneng, ho hanyetsa mocheso le ho kenya letsoho ho phahameng.Ka kakaretso, e ka sebelisoa nako e telele mocheso oa mocheso oa -60 ~ 180 ℃, 'me boemo ba ho hanyetsa mocheso bo ka fihla ho F ho ea ho H, e leng e phahameng ho feta ho hanyetsa mocheso oa li-plastiki tsa phenolic le amino.

Li-plastiki tsa silicone ka mokhoa oa sebopeho sa polysiloxane li sebelisoa haholo ho theknoloji ea elektronike le ea motlakase.Li-silicone tse entsoeng ka laminated li matlafatsoa haholo ka lesela la khalase;lipolasetiki tse entsoeng ka silicone hangata li tlatsitsoe ka fiber ea khalase le asbestos, tse sebelisetsoang ho etsa likarolo tse hanyetsanang le mocheso o phahameng, maqhubu a phahameng kapa li-motor tse ka tlas'a metsi, lisebelisoa tsa motlakase le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki.Mofuta ona oa polasetiki o khetholloa ke boleng ba eona bo tlase ba dielectric le tgδ, 'me ha e amehe hangata.E sebelisoa indastering ea motlakase le ea elektroniki ho hanela corona le arcs.Esita le haeba ho tsoa ho baka ho bola, sehlahisoa ke silicon dioxide ho e-na le carbon conductive black..Mofuta ona oa thepa o hanyetsa mocheso o ikhethang 'me o ka sebelisoa khafetsa ho 250 ° C.Litšitiso tse ka sehloohong tsa polysilicone ke matla a tlaase a mochine, ho khomarela ka tlaase le ho hanyetsa oli e fokolang.Li-polymer tse ngata tse fetotsoeng tsa silicone li entsoe, joalo ka lipolasetiki tsa silicone tse fetotsoeng tsa polyester 'me li sebelisitsoe theknoloji ea motlakase.Lipolasetiki tse ling ke lipolasetiki tsa thermoplastic le thermosetting.Ka mohlala, polyvinyl chloride hangata ke thermoplastic.Japane e hlahisitse mofuta o mocha oa polyvinyl chloride ea metsi e leng thermoset mme e na le mocheso oa ho bopa oa 60 ho isa ho 140°C.Plastiki e bitsoang Lundex ea United States e na le likarolo tsa ts'ebetso ea thermoplastic, le thepa ea 'mele ea polasetiki ea thermosetting.

① Lipolasetiki tsa Hydrocarbon.

Ke polasetiki e seng polar, e arotsoeng ka kristale le e seng kristale.Lipolasetiki tsa crystalline hydrocarbon li kenyelletsa polyethylene, polypropylene, joalo-joalo, le li-non-crystalline hydrocarbon polasetiki li kenyelletsa polystyrene, joalo-joalo.

②Vinyl polasetiki e nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa polar.

Ntle le li-fluoroplastics, boholo ba tsona ke 'mele e sa bonahaleng ea kristale, ho kenyelletsa le polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, joalo-joalo.

③Lipolasetiki tsa boenjiniere tsa Thermoplastic.

Haholo-holo e kenyelletsa polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, joalo-joalo Polytetrafluoroethylene.Li-polypropylene tse fetotsoeng, joalo-joalo li kenyelelitsoe mofuteng ona.

④ Thermoplastic cellulose polasetiki.

Haholo-holo e kenyelletsa cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane joalo-joalo.

Re ka sebelisa lisebelisoa tsohle tsa polasetiki tse ka holimo.
Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, PP ea boemo ba lijo le PP ea boemo ba bongaka e sebelisoa bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse tšoanang lelikhaba. Pipettee entsoe ka thepa ea HDPE, letube ea tekohangata e entsoe ka thepa ea boemo ba bongaka PP kapa PS.Re ntse re na le lihlahisoa tse ngata, re sebelisa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng, hobane rehlobomoetsi, hoo e ka bang lihlahisoa tsohle tsa polasetiki li ka hlahisoa